1.1 等差数列的性质 Properties of Arithmetic Sequences
等差数列是 AMC 的基础,但 AMC 12 会考查更灵活的应用方式。
Arithmetic sequences are fundamental, but AMC 12 tests them in more creative ways.
交错和(Alternating Sums):
形如 a₁ − a₂ + a₃ − a₄ + ⋯ 的交错和,可以按相邻两项分组。
分段求和(Split Sums):
把数列分成奇数项和偶数项分别求和:
Don't add term by term — construct a new arithmetic sequence for the relevant positions.
1.2 等比数列的进阶 Advanced Geometric Sequences
无穷等比级数求和:
当 |r| < 1 时,无穷等比级数收敛,其和为:
常见应用场景:
- 循环小数化分数(如 0.333… = 1/3)
- 无限递归图形(正方形内切正方形、三角形分割等)的面积或周长计算
- 概率中的递归期望(如反复抛硬币直到出现正面的期望次数 = 2)
1.3 数列与方程的关系 Sequences and Equations
数列常常与方程、不等式结合考查。
Sequences are often combined with equations and inequalities in competition problems.
数列求值与方程:
若已知等差数列的 Sₙ = f(n),求数列的通项公式,可以通过:
等差中项与等比中项:
- 若 a, b, c 成等差数列,则 2b = a + c(b 是 a 和 c 的等差中项)
- 若 a, b, c 成等比数列,则 b² = ac(b 是 a 和 c 的等比中项)
A geometric mean between a and c exists only when a and c have the same sign.
2.1 线性递推(一阶和二阶)Linear Recurrence Relations
递推数列给出的是相邻项之间的关系,而不是直接给出通项公式。
A recurrence relation gives the relationship between consecutive terms rather than a direct formula for aₙ.
一阶递推的求解方法:
设 aₙ₊₁ = p·aₙ + q,令 bₙ = aₙ + c,使得 bₙ₊₁ = p·bₙ。
即寻找不动点:a = p·a + q → a = q/(1−p),当 p ≠ 1 时。
二阶线性递推:
2.2 特征方程法 Characteristic Equation Method
对于二阶线性齐次递推 aₙ₊₂ = p·aₙ₊₁ + q·aₙ,其特征方程为:
情况一:两个不同的实数根 r₁ ≠ r₂
情况二:两个相等的实数根 r₁ = r₂ = r
经典例子——斐波那契数列:
2.3 常见竞赛递推模型 Common Competition Recurrence Models
AMC 12 中,递推关系经常以应用题形式出现。
Recurrence relations in AMC 12 often appear in applied problem contexts.
| 模型 | 递推关系 | 典型场景 |
|---|---|---|
| 兔子繁殖 | Fₙ₊₂ = Fₙ₊₁ + Fₙ | 斐波那契原题 |
| 爬楼梯 | aₙ = aₙ₋₁ + aₙ₋₂ | 每次上1或2级台阶 |
| 铺砖问题 | aₙ = aₙ₋₁ + aₙ₋₂ | 用1×2和2×1砖铺2×n区域 |
| 二叉计数 | Cₙ = ΣCᵢ·Cₙ₋₁₋ᵢ | Catalan 数 |
| 种群增长 | aₙ₊₁ = r·aₙ(1 − aₙ/K) | Logistic 模型 |
3.1 数学归纳法 Mathematical Induction
数学归纳法是证明与自然数有关的命题的强大工具。
Mathematical induction is a powerful technique for proving statements about natural numbers.
经典证明示例——等差数列求和公式:
3.2 强归纳法 Strong Induction
强归纳法(也叫完全归纳法)允许归纳假设中使用所有小于等于 k 的命题,而不仅仅是 k。
Strong induction allows the inductive hypothesis to assume the statement holds for all values up to k.
何时需要强归纳法?
- 递推关系涉及多于前一项时(如 aₙ = aₙ₋₁ + aₙ₋₂)
- 数论中的整除性证明
- 与素因数分解相关的命题
3.3 极限初步 Introduction to Limits
AMC 12 中偶尔涉及极限的直觉理解,不需要严格定义。
AMC 12 occasionally involves an intuitive understanding of limits without requiring rigorous definitions.
AMC 12 常考的极限类型:
| 类型 | 结论 | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 等比数列 |r| < 1 | lim(n→∞) a₁·rⁿ⁻¹ = 0 | (1/2)ⁿ → 0 |
| 无穷等比级数 | S = a₁/(1−r) | 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + ⋯ = 2 |
| 多项式比 | 看最高次项系数比 | (3n²+1)/(n²+5) → 3 |
| 根式型 | 分子有理化 | (√(n+1)−√n) → 0 |
循环小数化分数:
无穷等比级数 1 + 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + ⋯ 的和是多少? What is the sum of the infinite geometric series 1 + 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + ⋯ ?
S = a₁/(1−r) = 1/(1−1/3) = 1/(2/3) = 3/2。
a₁ = 1, r = 1/3. Since |r| < 1, S = 1/(1−1/3) = 3/2.
数列 {aₙ} 满足 a₁ = 2,aₙ₊₁ = 3aₙ − 4。求 a₅ 的值。 A sequence satisfies a₁ = 2 and aₙ₊₁ = 3aₙ − 4. Find a₅.
a₂ = 3(2)−4 = 2
a₃ = 3(2)−4 = 2
看出 aₙ = 2 对所有 n 都成立!验证:3(2)−4 = 2 ✓
所以 a₅ = 2。
Fixed point: L = 4/(3−1) = 2. Since a₁ = L, all terms equal 2.
将循环小数 0.272727… 化为最简分数,分子与分母之和是多少? Convert 0.272727… to a fraction in lowest terms. What is the sum of the numerator and denominator?
0.272727… = 27/99 = 3/11
分子 + 分母 = 3 + 11 = 14。
The repeating block "27" has length 2. 0.2727… = 27/99 = 3/11. Sum = 3+11 = 14.
数列 {aₙ} 满足 a₁ = 1,a₂ = 3,aₙ₊₂ = 5aₙ₊₁ − 6aₙ。求 a₆ 的值。 A sequence satisfies a₁ = 1, a₂ = 3, and aₙ₊₂ = 5aₙ₊₁ − 6aₙ. Find a₆.
通项:aₙ = A·2ⁿ + B·3ⁿ
代入 a₁=1:2A + 3B = 1
代入 a₂=3:4A + 9B = 3
解得:A = 0,B = 1/3
所以 aₙ = 3ⁿ⁻¹
a₆ = 3⁵ = 243。
Characteristic equation: r²−5r+6=0 → r=2,3. Using initial conditions: aₙ = 3ⁿ⁻¹. So a₆ = 243.
等差数列 {aₙ} 的前 100 项和为 S₁₀₀ = 10000,其中所有奇数项之和比所有偶数项之和多 100。求该数列的公差 d。 In an arithmetic sequence, S₁₀₀ = 10000, and the sum of odd-positioned terms exceeds the sum of even-positioned terms by 100. Find the common difference d.
所以 S_odd = 5050,S_even = 4950
奇数项 a₁, a₃, a₅, ⋯ 构成公差为 2d 的等差数列,共50项:
S_odd = 50·a₁ + 50·49·(2d)/2 = 50a₁ + 2450d = 5050
即 a₁ + 49d = 101 ··· ①
偶数项 a₂, a₄, a₆, ⋯ 构成公差为 2d 的等差数列,共50项:
S_even = 50·(a₁+d) + 2450d = 50a₁ + 2500d = 4950
即 a₁ + 50d = 99 ··· ②
②−①:d = −2。
S_odd = 5050, S_even = 4950. Setting up equations: a₁+49d=101 and a₁+50d=99. Subtracting: d = −2.
第1题 无穷级数 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ⋯ 的和是多少? What is the sum of 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ⋯ ?
第2题 数列 {aₙ} 满足 a₁ = 5,aₙ₊₁ = 2aₙ − 1。求 a₄ 的值。 A sequence satisfies a₁ = 5 and aₙ₊₁ = 2aₙ − 1. Find a₄.
第3题 将 0.1666…(即 0.1̅6̅)化为最简分数,分子是多少? Convert 0.1666… to a fraction in lowest terms. What is the numerator?
第4题 斐波那契数列 F₁=1, F₂=1, Fₙ₊₂=Fₙ₊₁+Fₙ。求 F₂₀ 的个位数字。 In the Fibonacci sequence F₁=1, F₂=1, Fₙ₊₂=Fₙ₊₁+Fₙ, find the units digit of F₂₀.
第5题 等差数列 {aₙ} 中,a₃ + a₈ + a₁₃ = 45,求 S₁₅ 的值。 In an arithmetic sequence, a₃ + a₈ + a₁₃ = 45. Find S₁₅.
第6题 数列 {aₙ} 满足 a₁ = 1,aₙ₊₁ = aₙ + 2n。求 a₁₀₀ 的值。 A sequence satisfies a₁ = 1 and aₙ₊₁ = aₙ + 2n. Find a₁₀₀.